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Sport Scale EssayABSTRACT The primary purpose of this guide was to turn a valid and trusty instrument to assess merriment fan motivation. Also, the new beat was employed to examine the kinship mingled with summercater fan motivation and heathen individuation. One vitamin C six-spotty nine college students from two southeastern institutions patchicipated in this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirming factor analysis, Bivariate correlation, t test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The fan Motivation Scale (FMS), developed in this study, consisted of six components with 22 items. The soma of items under every component range from 5 to 2 items (quality of the game 4 items, escape 5 items, boredom avoidance 5 items, social 3 items, recreation 3 items, and sport atmosphere 2 items). In addition, two hypotheses were tested in the current study. The first hypothesis was that heathenish identity is prescribedly link up to sport fan motivation. The second hypothesis assumed that there was a going between Afri raise Americans and European Americans in their social identity. The results revealed the FMS is a reliable measure with an boilersuit alpha score of 0.90. Significant differences were erect between participants in the total FMS and some of the sub surpasss base on gender and sociality. However, the cores of the samples examined in this study do not support the first hypothesis. Therefore, no significant relationship was found between sport fan motivation and social identity. Regarding the second hypothesis, a significant difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their cultural identity. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sports harbor become an increasingly crucial part of our society.Sports fans re amaze a significant percentage of sport consumers, because 70 percent or more of Americans watch, read, or discuss sports at least once a twenty-four hour period (Iso-Ahola Hatfield, 1986). From 1985 to 1998, attendance has significantly increased at the four major sports in the United States. Major compact Baseball (MLB) had the largest increase in the number of people attending games (24. 2 million, a 50% increase), followed by professional basketball (10. 3 million, a 89% increase), professional football (5. 7 million, a 40% increase), and professional hockey (5. 6 million, a 49% increase).The number of people attending college sporting slips has as well as increased during this time period (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). Additionally, more television programming time is being attached to sporting events. The ESPN was the fifth highest ranked television network in 2000, in terms of revenue, it was estimated to be $2. 1 billion (McAvoy, 2000). With the increase of interest in sports has become an increased interest of sports fans as consumers. Sport team ups and companies are very interested in attracting as many consumers as possible to purchase game tickets or products.Therefore, sport marketers should acknowledge the factors that drive fans to follow sport by attending, watching on television, or buy products. However, understanding the smell of sports fans is not simple because their statuss and behaviors are not determined by a iodine indigence or factor but rather occur for a variety of reasons (Mashiach, 1980). Statement of the enigma There has been a growing interest in the study of sport fan motivations in modern years to better understand fan behaviors (Bilyeu Wann, 2002 Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001 Funk, Mahony Ridinger, 2002 Funk, Ridinger, Moorman, 2003Gantz, 1981 Kahle, Kambara, Rose, 1996 Lee, 2002 Mahony, Nakazawa, Funk, James, Gladden, 2002 Pease Zhang, 2001 Trail James, 2001 Wann, 1995 Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn Gambouras, 1999 Wann, Brewer, 1 Royalty, 1999 Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). Some of these studies stir introduced measures of different usance motives of sport fans. In addition, res earchers have examined the relationship between fan motivation and early(a) variables such as team identification, involvement, gender, and look sharp.The measures used in previous(prenominal) studies to assess fan motivations vary in length and number of components. However, some of the components are used in all or nearly scales such as the entertainment component, the family component, and the friends component. They also packet very similar items with regard to similar components. Items used in most previous scales often begin with the words I like, I bang, or I get which raises a validness issue for the measures because the aforementioned words compensate satisfaction and attitude rather than motivation.Fan satisfaction relates to the happiness and pleasure associated with the outcome of a sporting event while fan attitude represents the opinion and faces an someone has about a sport team or sporting event. On the other hand, sport fan motivation refers to the reason s that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, buy team/sport cogitate products, watch and attend sporting events. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motives.Also, the new measure was apply to examine the relationship between fan motivation and heathen identity. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual fabric of this study includes the discussion of two concepts. First, the Fan Motivation Scale and its content will be introduced. Second, the notion of ethnic identity and why it should be cor relate with sport fan motivation will be presented. The prior research (Wann, 1995 Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001 Bilyeu Wann, 2002) identified various motives that could drive fans to attend sporting events.Some of these motives are link to personal needs (entertainment and financial 2 gain), social needs (bonding with family and company affiliation), and psychological needs (se lf-esteem and achievement). In attempt to measure the motives of sport fans, the researchers introduced different scales. These scales comprised different number of motives ranging from 7 motives with 16 items to 18 motives with 54 items. The length of some of the scales was not the only problem. The major concern for previous scales is in the content validity, the utmost to which items used in the scale accurately represent fan motives.In fact, all previous scales include items that are more related to attitude and satisfaction then motivation. The reason for this problem is the lack of drop off definition of sport fan motivation. The current study is going to view sport fan motivation as the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, purchase team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. In addition, this study will employ a review of related literature and the prior effort made on fan motivation scales to develop valid and reliable measures of sport fan motivation.The proposed Fan Motivation Scale (FMS) will measure six motives social, entertainment, escape, aesthetic, psychological, and amotivation. The social motive assesses the extent to which individuals participate in sporting events as spectators because they swear to spend time with their families (Gantz, 1981 Wann, 1995). Also, to some individuals, base affiliation is an important motivation of being a sport fan. Sport spectating provides a fan with opportunities to share time with others who taste the same activities.A fan may want to keep contact with a free radical of fans and seek refuge from a feeling of alienation (Branscombe Wann, 1991 Smith, 1988 Wann, 1995). The entertainment motive includes items that represent the want of some individuals to have a good time and enjoy the excitement associated with sporting events. Some fans faculty enjoy a sport because of its entertainment value. Sport spectating provides fans with leisure pastime a ctivities similar to watching movies or television. One advantage of sport spectating is that few special s protrudes, if any, are required (Zillmann, Bryant Sapolsky, 1989 Wann, 1995).The escape motive of sport fans assesses the desire of sport fans to escape or diverge from their everyday lives. Attending a sporting event gives many people an 3 opportunity to temporarily forget about their troubling, dissatisfying, or boring lives (Smith, 1988 prise Wheeler, 1984 Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). The aesthetic motive of sport fans appeals to those that are motivated by the aesthetic value of the sport. Some fans enjoy sports because of the competition between highly skilled athletes. The beauty, grace, and other artistic characteristics make some people enjoy sporting events (Milne McDonald, 1999 Wann, 1995).The psychological motive is a factor that motivates sports fans and gives them a feeling of accomplishment and achievement when the fans preferent team or pretender is succ essful. Sports fans tend to associate themselves with a successful team or player in order to create and sustain a positive self-concept (Branscombe Wann, 1991 Milne McDonald, 1999 Sloan, 1989). Amotivation refers to the state of lacking an intention to act. When amotivated, individuals action lacks intentionality and a backbone of personal causation (Ryan Deci, 2000).Amotivation results from not valuing an activity (Ryan, 1995), not feeling competent to do it (Deci, 1975), or not believing it will yield a desired outcome (Seligman, 1975). Some individuals might go to sport events and watch sport games because they have nothing else to do, bored, and want to kill time. These types of reasons had been neglected in previous studies of sport fan motivation. As mentioned earlier, prior research has examined the relationship between fan motivations and other variables such as sport involvement, team identification, and some demographic factors of selected sport fans.However, the ethn ic identity of sport fans has been ignored in the literature. It might be assumed by some researchers that the race factor is enough representation of an individuals ethnic background. It is, however, only part of the concept. Ethnic identity is defined as a process of coming to terms with ones ethnic-racial membership group as a salient reference group (Smith, 1991, p. 182). Smith (1991) defined an ethnic group as a reference group called upon by people who share a common history and culture (p. 181).According to Gordon (1985), culture influences our social standards, values, cognitions, social perceptions, attributions, feelings, and sources of motivation. Individuals develop their ethnic identity through their social interaction with others. Through their interactions they begin to view themselves as others view them 4 (Stryker, 1980). Ethnic identity is viewed as part of social identity and it was defined by Tajfel (1981) as that part of an individuals self-concept which deriv es from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional import attached to that membership (p.255).An ethnic group is composed of a number of individuals who share a sense of group identity based on their unique culture, which include values, morals, and various customs, as well as shared origins. In the big society, ethnic groups tend to maintain a sense of peoplehood (Dublin, 1996 Kornblum Janowitz, 1974 Portes, 1996). Forty years ago, Tumin (1964) defined an ethnic group as a social group which, within a large ethnical and social system, claims or is accorded special status in terms of intricateity of traits which it exhibits or is believed to exhibit (p.123).Distinguishing between ethnic groups is not always simple. Some ethnic minorities, such as African Americans, may have obvious somatogenetic differences that set them apart from other ethnic groups within the United States, but many biracial individuals present an amb iguity because they belong to two or more ethnic groups, which makes ethnicity a subjective construct (Root, 1992). studying ethnic identity is very important because it is the foundation for what an individual believes about himself or herself.Given the significance of ethnic identity, many researchers have been studying this construct. Phinney (1990) reviewed 70 studies of ethnic identity published between 1972 and 1990. She found that most of the studies have used one of three theoretical fashion models to examine ethnic identity. The first role model is the social identity surmise which ethnic identity is considered a component of social identity. Social theory refers to the need for an individual to be a member of a group that provides him or her with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept.The second framework is the acculturation prospective. The concept of acculturation refers to changes in the cultural attitudes, value, and behaviors that result f rom interactions between two distinct cultures (Berry, Trimble, Olmedo, 1986). These kinds of changes are normally the concern of a group of individuals, and how it relates to the dominating or host society. Ethnic identity can be an aspect of acculturation in which the charge is on the individuals and how they relate to their own group as a subgroup of the larger society (Phinney, 1990).The third framework is developmental framework, where ethnic identity is viewed as a process by which people construct their ethnicity. 5 Erikson (1968) indicated that identity is the outcome of a period of exploration and experimentation that normally takes place during adolescence and leads to a finis of commitment in various areas, such as occupation, and religion. This view of ethnic identity suggests age as a factor is strongly related to developing ones ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1990) mentioned that most studies have focused on certain components of ethnic identity.These co mponents include self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to the group, attitudes about ones group membership, and ethnic involvement (social participation, cultural practices and attitudes). Self-identification represents the ethnic label that one uses for oneself. The ability of children to label themselves with the right ethnic group was the addressed in a study by Aboud (187). Another issue was the relationship between incorrect labeling and poor self-concept (Cross, 1978). Adults are evaluate to know their ethnicity but the issue is what label one chooses to use for himself or herself.However, some ethnic groups have a little choice in what ethnic title they can use for themselves often because of their distinctive skin color or culture (language, dresses, customs, etc. ) which distinguishes them from other groups. Additionally, some individuals have two or more ethnic backgrounds and they identify themselves as members of more than one group. Ethnic self-i dentification is an important but complex component of ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). The feeling of belonging to ones own group is an important element of ethnic identity.Some researchers have tried to assess the sense of belonging by any asking people how strong was their relationship with their groups or how separate they feel from other groups (Driedger, 1976). Members of every ethnic group can have positive or negative attitudes toward their own group. Some of the positive attitudes related were pride in and pleasure, satisfaction, and contentment with ones group (Phinney, 1990). Negative attitudes include dissatisfaction, displeasure, discontentment, and a desire to hide ones identity (Driedger, 1976).People who display no positive attitudes or express negative attitudes can be seen as denying their ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). In addition, the involvement in the social life and cultural practices of ones ethnic group is considered a strong indicator of ones ethnic iden tity. The social and cultural practices 6 that represent the involvement component include language, friendship, social organizations, religion, cultural traditions, and governing (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1992) developed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) with the purpose of assessing ethnic identity among various ethnic groups.The scale was designed to measure three components of ethnic identity affirmation and belonging, ethnic identity achievement, and ethnic behaviors. Roberts, Phinney, Masse, Chen, Roberts, and Romero (1999) examined the validity of the MEIM and conducted factor analysis with a large sample. The outcomes suggest that the scale measures two components of ethnic identity ethnic identity search and affirmation, belonging, and commitment. Ethnic identity search refers to a developmental and cognitive component. Affirmation, belonging, and commitment represent the affective component.However, the scale has been proven to be a valid and reliable measurem ent and it will be used in the context of this study. More discussion of the scale is provided in the method section. Researchers have indicated that positive relationships do exist between ethnic identity and self-esteem, self-concept, psychological well-being, achievement, and satisfaction (Phinney, 1992 Roberts et al. , 1999 Delworth, 1989). However, it is the purpose of this study to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and motivations of sport fans. According to Phinney (1990) some.